Moisture Regain & Moisture Content by using rapid dryer

In this experiment we will measure Moisture Regain & Moisture Content of a material by using rapid dryer. It is very important to know about the MR & MC of a material because it directly affect the end product characteristics.
  
Moisture Regain: Moisture regain is defined as the weight of water
in a material expressed as a percentage to oven dry weight.

Let, oven dry weight of the material, D
Weight of water in the material, W
Moisture regain, R = W/DX 100%
  
Moisture Content: Moisture content is the weight of water in a material
expressed as a percentage to the total weight.

Moisture content, M = = W/(D+W)X 100%
  
Rapid Dryer: It is a electrical device with motor , thermometer & container  to pass hot air & measure the temperature of the textile material in the container.
  
Objectives:

    To determine the Moisture Regain ability of a textile material.
    To know the Moisture Content ability of a textile material.
    To get a perfect testing result.

Instruments:

    Rapid dryer.
    Sample.
    Electric balance.

Rapid dryer

Working Procedure:

At first 5gm cotton fiber is taken with the help of electric balance.
Now taking the sample in the container, weight is again measured.
Placing it in the oven dryer and heated for 1 min to dy off the moisture.
Weight is again taken.
3 & 4 repeated until the last two weights are same.

Data measurement table:

Sample wt. (gm)	Sample container wt. W1 (gm)	Sample container wt. after drying W2 (gm)	Average wt. W2 (gm)	Weight of water (gm) W=W1-W2	Oven dry wt. D= 5-W (gm)
5	63.07+5 = 68.07	67.70	67.68	0.455	4.545
		67.65

Result:

Moisture Regain R = 0.455/4.545X 100%
               = 10%

Moisture Content M  = 0.455/(4.545+0.455)X 100%
                    = 9.1%


After this experiment we have a clear idea about how to measureMoisture regain & moisture content. It will help us in future.

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Air Flow method with the help of ‘Fineness Meter’

It is measured by Air Flow method with the help of ‘Fineness Meter’. It is expressed in microgram/inch (Micronaire).

Principle:

In this method, fiber fineness is measured by air flow. If large amount of air is blown, the fiber will be coarse and if small amount of air is blown, the fiber will be fine. The method based on this principle.
This is an indirect method of measuring fibre fineness which is based on the fact that the airflow at a given pressure difference through a uniformly distributed mass of fibres is determined by the total surface area of the fibres

                                               Fig: Fiber Fineness is Measured by the Airflow Method

The surface area of a fibre (length X circumference) is proportional to its diameter but for a given weight of sample the number of fibres increases with the fibre fineness so that the specific surface area (area per unit weight) is inversely proportional to fibre diameter; Fig. shows this diagrammatically. Because the airflow varies with pressure difference it is the ratio of airflow to differential pressure that is determined by the fibre diameter. Therefore the method can be used to measure either the airflow at constant pressure or the pressure drop at constant airflow.

The measurement of airflow at constant pressure is the more usual form of apparatus with wool. For fibres of approximately circular cross-section and constant overall density such as unmedullated wool, the estimate of fineness corresponds to the average fibre diameter as determined by the projection microscope with a good degree of accuracy.

Objectives:

•    To measure the fineness of fibre.
•    To determine the count.

Instruments:

1.    Fineness meter.
2.    Balance.

Working procedure:

First of all, 4.5 gm fibre was weight out.
Then fibre inserted into the fineness meter.
Then started the machine.
Measurement on the display noted down.


Calculation:

Wt of the fibre = 4.5 gm
Fibre fineness = 6.01


After this experiment we have a clear idea about how to measure Fibre fineness with fineness meter.

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Twist Per Inch of a yarn (TPI)

Theory:
              
 Twist: Twist may also be defined as thread which is usually the result of relative rotation of the two end.
         
Twist Types: There are two types of twist. They are S-twist and  Z-twist.

Twist Principle: One end will be fixed and another end will be turned this is the twist principle.

Objectives:

To measure the TPI of a yarn.
To determine the strength of the yarn.

Instruments:

1.Twist tester.
2.Yarn.
3.Scale.

Figure:

                              

yarn twist tester

Working procedure:

 - First of all, 10 inch yarn was taken.
 - Then yarn set on the twist tester machine.
 - Then screw of the machine twisted to the opposite side of the yarn twist.
 - When untwisting completed then the machine indicated.
 - Twist number taken from the machine display.

 Data measurement table:

No of Obs	Yarn Length (inch)	Twist number	TPI
1.	10	131	13

Conclusion:

After this experiment we have a clear idea about how to measure twist per inch with yarn twist tester.

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Fabric Testing

Testing is important, mainly for customer satisfaction of the textile product as well as to ensure product quality for the market in which the textile manufacturer competes. Testing is also important in order to control the manufacturing process and cost. In the textile industry, it is very important to use testing to control the manufacturing process for cost and other reasons. The importance of testing cannot be disregarded for product satisfaction and control of manufacturing cost.

Scope of fabric testing

 

                     Scope of fabric testing

 Physical testing

 The first broad class of factors that affect the performance of fabrics are physical agents and influences. These may be further subdivided into mechanical deformation and degradation, tactile and associated visual properties of fabrics (such as wrinkling, buckling, drape and hand) after their use and manufacture, and their response to heat, liquids and static charge. The testing of fabrics to mechanical deformation is very important and refers to fabrics that are subjected to variable and complex modes of deformation. They include tensile behavior, compression, bending or flexing, shrinkage, abrasion resistance, frictional rubbing, torsion or twisting, and shear. Fabrics with special features or constructions require either additional tests or modification of existing tests for conventional fabrics to characterize adequately their mechanical and related properties.

Chemical testing

 Chemical and photochemical exposure of textiles may lead to yellowing or discoloration of undyed fabrics, to fading of dyed fabrics, and/or to degradation of dyed and undyed fabrics. These adverse results are due to depooxidative processes and/or crosslinking. Textile fabrics have varying degrees of resistance to chemical agents such as water and other solvents, to acids, bases and bleaches, to air pollutants and to the photochemical action of assessing the performance of the fabrics for various end uses. The development of chemically resistant protective clothing and textile filtration media has led to test methods relevant to these end uses.

Biological testing

Textile fabrics may be adversely affected by various microorganisms and insects. The effect of biological agents on textile fabrics is important for enhancing their end-use performance in many areas. Fabrics will have desirable aesthetic qualities if they can suppress odour-causing bacteria and other types of odour-causing microorganisms. The hygienic and medical effectiveness of fabrics is required to prevent the growth of dermatophytic fungi (those that cause skin disease), pathogenic and potentially lethal microorganisms on fabrics and to prevent their infestation by insects. Finally, prevention of fibre discolouration and degradation, usually by fungi and insects, prolongs the useful life of the material. Testing of fabrics and evolution of specific test methods for the above biological influences would help manufacturers, retailers and users of fabrics to develop strategic ways to maintain and protect their fabrics in storage and transportation. These tests would be useful for rapid screening of various modified and unmodified fabrics for their ability to withstand biological attack.

Visual examination

Fabrics can be evaluated for a variety of attributes to assess their performance by visual assessment either manually (subjective assessment) or by objective evaluation techniques. Visual examination of fabrics includes evaluating the texture, surface characteristics, dye shade variations, design details, weave patterns, construction particulars, pilling assessment, etc. 

Physiological testing

Fabric physiology deals with the physiological characteristics of fabrics that are expressed in the well-being, performance and health of the wearer. It covers the areas of physics, chemistry, medicine, physiology, psychology and textile technology.

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Textile Printing

What is Textile PRINTING?

Printing can also be defined as localized dyeing.
Defined as the application of dye or pigment in a different pattern on the fabric and by subsequent after treatment of fixing the dye or pigment to get a particular design.
Sometimes a printed fabric can be identified by looking at the back side of fabric where there is no design or color as face side.

DIFFERENT STYLES OF PRINTING

1.DIRECT PRINTING
2.DISCHARGE PRINTING
3.RESIST PRINTING

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRINTING

BLOCK PRINTING
ROLLER PRINTING
SCREEN PRINTING
FLAT-SCREEN PRINTING
ROTARY PRINTING
TRANSFER PRINTING
STENCIL PRINTING
DIGITAL PRINTING
BATIK PRINTING

block print

digital printing

batik printing

Flat-Screen-Printing

roller printer

rotary printing

screen printing

stencil printing

DIFFERENT STYLES OF PRINTING

1.DIRECT PRINTING
2.DISCHARGE PRINTING
3.RESIST PRINTING

1. DIRECT PRINTING

In this type of printing, dye is applied onto the fabric by carved block, stencil, screen, engraved roller etc.
The dye is imprinted on the fabric in paste form and any desired pattern may be produced
Example: Block Printing, Roller Printing, Screen Printing etc.

2. DISCHARGE PRINTING

In this method, the fabric is dyed and then printed with a chemical that will destroy the color in designed areas.
Sometimes the base color is removed and another color is printed on its place.

application of Discharge printing

3. RESIST PRINTING

In this method, bleached fabric are printed with a resist paste ( a resinous substance that cannot be penetrated when the fabric is immersed in a dye ).
The dye will only affect the parts that are not covered by the resist paste .
After the fabric has passed through a subsequent dyeing process the resist paste is removed, leaving a pattern on a dark background

Resist Printing

Discharge and resist process

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The way of Yarn Count

Theory:

                To indicate fineness/coarseness of a yarn by numerical value is called count. Count is the no. That indicates length per unit mass or mass per unit length.
Two system for measuring yarn count :
            1. Direct system: Length fixed but wt variable. Example: Tex, Denier

            2. Indirect system: Wt fixed but length variable. Example: English count.

Yarn no. length & wt unit

Indirect System	Direct System	Length Unit	Wt. Unit	Definition
English count		840 Yds	1 lbs	No. Of hank of 840 yds
Metric count		1 Km	1 kg	No. Of hank of 1km/kg
Woollen count		256 Yds	1 lbs	No. Of hank of 256 yds
Worsted count		560 Yds	1 lbs	No. Of hank of 560 yds
Linen count		300 Yds	1 lbs	No. Of hank of 300 yds
Dewsbury Count		1 Yds	1 Oz	No. Of yds/oz
	Tex	1 Km	1 Gm	No. Of gms/km
	Decitex	10 Km	1 Gm	No. Of gms/10km
	Jute	1440 Yds	1 lbs	No. Of lbs/hank of 1440 yds
	Denier	9 Km	1 Gm	No. Of gms/9km

Objectives:

·        To determine the fineness of the yarn.

·        To know the properties of yarn.

Instruments:

1.     Warp reel.

2.     Balance.

warp reel

Working procedure:   

First of all, we took yarn in yards by warp reel.

Then determined the weight of the yarn taken.

Observed the length & weight of the yarn taken.

Lastly calculated the yarn count according to the formula.

 Calculation:



Indirect System: N = L*w/  l*W

Direct System: l/L*W

Here,

L= Sample length
l = Unit length
W = Wt. Of sample
w = Unit wt of system = 1lbs

No. of obs	Sample Length (yds)	Sample wt (lbs)	Count
1.	26	22	29.45 (Indirect) 15.4 (Direct)

Conclusion:

After this experiment we have a clear idea about how to measure yarn fineness/coarseness by warp reel & balanced method.

 

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